{"product_id":"before-boas-han-f-vermeulen-9780803255425","title":"Before Boas: The Genesis of Ethnography and Ethnology in the German Enlightenment","description":"The history of anthropology has been written from multiple viewpoints, often from perspectives of gender, nationality, theory, or politics. Before Boas delves deeper into issues concerning anthropology's academic origins to present a groundbreaking study that reveals how ethnography and ethnology originated during the eighteenth rather than the nineteenth century, developing parallel to anthropology, or the \"natural history of man.\" \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e Han F. Vermeulen explores primary and secondary sources from Russia, Germany, Austria, the United States, the Netherlands, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, France, and Great Britain in tracing how \"ethnography\" originated as field research by German-speaking historians and naturalists in Siberia (Russia) during the 1730s and 1740s, was generalized as \"ethnology\" by scholars in Gtingen (Germany) and Vienna (Austria) during the 1770s and 1780s, and was subsequently adopted by researchers in other countries. \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ci\u003eBefore Boas \u003c\/i\u003eargues that anthropology and ethnology were separate sciences during the Age of Reason, studying racial and ethnic diversity, respectively. Ethnography and ethnology focused not on \"other\" cultures but on \u003ci\u003eall\u003c\/i\u003e peoples of all eras. Following G. W. Leibniz, researchers in these fields categorized peoples primarily according to their languages. Franz Boas professionalized the holistic study of anthropology from the 1880s into the twentieth century. \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthor:\u003c\/b\u003e Han F. Vermeulen\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eISBN-10:\u003c\/b\u003e 080325542X\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eISBN-13:\u003c\/b\u003e 9780803255425\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/b\u003e University of Nebraska Press\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eLanguage:\u003c\/b\u003e English\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e 07\/01\/2015\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePages:\u003c\/b\u003e 746\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eFormat:\u003c\/b\u003e Hardcover\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeight:\u003c\/b\u003e 2.74lbs\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 9.00h x 6.00w x 1.81d\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eReview Citation(s): \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eChoice\u003c\/i\u003e 12\/01\/2015","brand":"Han F. Vermeulen","offers":[{"title":"Hardcover","offer_id":44059751219455,"sku":"9780803255425","price":75.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0662\/2982\/9887\/files\/img_26cf6777-c40f-4131-bdba-4aa7511fb561.jpg?v=1685060115","url":"https:\/\/www.whiterainbookhouse.com\/products\/before-boas-han-f-vermeulen-9780803255425","provider":"WR Book House","version":"1.0","type":"link"}