{"product_id":"defensive-thinking-timothy-s-claason-9798250763707","title":"Defensive Thinking: An Intellectual Toolkit For Everyday Reasoning","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYour brain is wired for survival, not for truth. In a world of information overload, that's a problem\u003c\/b\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA staggering amount of what you hear daily is wrong. Some of it is careless; some is a deliberate trap. But the real danger isn't the dishonesty of others-it's that human reasoning is easily manipulated, and increasingly outsourced. We accept claims that feel right long before we check if they are right.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDefensive Thinking\u003c\/b\u003e is the intellectual toolkit you were never given in school.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePart history, part philosophy, and part practical field guide, this book traces the evolution of \"intellectual adulthood\". It follows the tools built by the world's greatest minds to separate persuasion from logic and reduce avoidable error. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInside, you will learn how to: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeparate Validity from Persuasion: Use the \"Socratic Method\" and Aristotelian logic to expose weak foundations in confident claims. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNavigate Uncertainty: Master the \"Mathematics of Uncertainty\" and use Bayes' Theorem to update your beliefs as new evidence arrives. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDecipher Science: Learn to read a study without panicking, distinguish correlation from causation, and understand why \"most published research findings are false\". \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDefend Your Judgment: Identify the cognitive biases and \"moral structures\" that quietly disconnect us from reality. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWritten as a letter to the author's nineteen-year-old self-and to a new generation entering a misleading information environment-this is more than a book on logic. It is a roadmap to intellectual independence. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBelief should follow evidence. Most of the time, it doesn't. It's time to close the gap.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthor:\u003c\/b\u003e Timothy S. Claason\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eISBN-13:\u003c\/b\u003e 9798250763707\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/b\u003e Independently Published\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eLanguage:\u003c\/b\u003e English\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e 03\/18\/2026\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePages:\u003c\/b\u003e 176\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eFormat:\u003c\/b\u003e Paperback\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeight:\u003c\/b\u003e 0.54lbs\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 9.00h x 6.00w x 0.38d","brand":"Timothy S. Claason","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":48437723595007,"sku":"9798250763707","price":13.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0662\/2982\/9887\/files\/img_3e705246-9db9-44c0-8463-78d23ef14aca.jpg?v=1777163620","url":"https:\/\/www.whiterainbookhouse.com\/products\/defensive-thinking-timothy-s-claason-9798250763707","provider":"WR Book House","version":"1.0","type":"link"}