{"product_id":"grazing-ecology-and-forest-history-franciscus-w-m-vera-9780851994420","title":"Grazing Ecology and Forest History","description":"It is a widely held belief that a climax vegetation of closed forest systems covered the lowlands of Central and Western Europe before humans intervened in prehistoric times to develop agriculture. If this intervention had not taken place, it would still be there and so if left, the grassland vegetation and fields we see today would revert to its natural closed forest state, although with a reduced number of wild species. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book challenges this view, using examples from history, pollen analyses and studies on the ecology of tree and shrub species such as oak and hazel. It tests the hypotheses that the climax vegetation is a closed canopy forest against the alternative one in which species composition and succession of vegetation were governed by herbivores and that the Central and Western European lowlands were covered by a park-like landscape consisting of grasslands, scrub, solitary trees and groves bordered by a mantle and fringe vegetation. Comparative information from North America is also included, because the forests there are commonly regarded as being analogous to the primeval vegetation in Europe. This title is a revised, updated and expanded translation of book published in Dutch.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthor:\u003c\/b\u003e Franciscus W. M. Vera\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eISBN-10:\u003c\/b\u003e 0851994423\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eISBN-13:\u003c\/b\u003e 9780851994420\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/b\u003e Cabi\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eLanguage:\u003c\/b\u003e English\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e 09\/27\/2000\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePages:\u003c\/b\u003e 528\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eFormat:\u003c\/b\u003e Hardcover\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeight:\u003c\/b\u003e 2.55lbs\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 9.40h x 6.48w x 1.28d\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eReview Citation(s): \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eNew York Review of Books\u003c\/i\u003e 03\/13\/2003 pg. 6","brand":"Franciscus W. M. Vera","offers":[{"title":"Hardcover","offer_id":46906610614527,"sku":"9780851994420","price":254.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0662\/2982\/9887\/files\/img_80b78b1d-79bb-4019-9fd5-478fa2479599.jpg?v=1748770911","url":"https:\/\/www.whiterainbookhouse.com\/products\/grazing-ecology-and-forest-history-franciscus-w-m-vera-9780851994420","provider":"WR Book House","version":"1.0","type":"link"}