{"product_id":"istanbul-at-the-threshold-of-erol-lker-9781805396000","title":"Istanbul at the Threshold of Nation State: Allied Occupation, National Resistance, and Political Conflict, 1918-1923","description":"During the formation of the Turkish national movement, while Istanbul was under British, French, and Italian occupation, a distinct factional split emerged. One side supported the Ottoman sultanate's sovereignty, while the other championed a populist, republican path. An Istanbul at the Threshold of Nation State contextualizes this history of coalition, political disintegration, and power struggles in Turkey between 1918 and 1923 to highlight the rise of anti-communist movements and the emergence of national labor and merchant confederations that formed xenophobic, Christian exclusionary policies in the 1920s and 30s.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthor:\u003c\/b\u003e Erol ?lker\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eISBN-10:\u003c\/b\u003e 1805396005\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eISBN-13:\u003c\/b\u003e 9781805396000\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/b\u003e Berghahn Books\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eLanguage:\u003c\/b\u003e English\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e 07\/01\/2024\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePages:\u003c\/b\u003e 177\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eFormat:\u003c\/b\u003e Hardcover\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeight:\u003c\/b\u003e 0.90lbs\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 9.00h x 6.00w x 0.44d","brand":"Erol ?lker","offers":[{"title":"Hardcover","offer_id":45898765271295,"sku":"9781805396000","price":120.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0662\/2982\/9887\/files\/img_9c0b304e-772b-4a39-afc4-51c751fcb51d.jpg?v=1721377052","url":"https:\/\/www.whiterainbookhouse.com\/products\/istanbul-at-the-threshold-of-erol-lker-9781805396000","provider":"WR Book House","version":"1.0","type":"link"}