{"product_id":"la-ltima-gaviota-peter-a-szok-9780313313592","title":"La ﾚltima Gaviota: Liberalism and Nostalgia in Early Twentieth-Century Panama","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examines the development of Panamanian nationalism, focusing on the period from 1903 to 1941. Utilizing historiography, literature, public architecture, and monuments, Szok posits that Panamanian nationalism is, in part, a legacy of the nineteenth century when Panama experienced a nationalist movement typical of the rest of Latin America. This movement was a creation of the country's white elite, who feared the Afro-mestizo masses and sought the protection of outside powers. Later joining forces with the growing middle class, the upper class continued to emphasize liberalism and promoted nostalgia for things Hispanic. This effort left it largely divorced from the Afro-Caribbean culture of the terminal cities and would ultimately contribute to its loss of power in 1968. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eThe elite's goal of constructing an interoceanic canal that would Europeanize the isthmus and open it to investment was realized in 1903 with the intervention of the United States and the separation from Colombia. The canal and independence soon fostered a rising middle class who became disillusioned with post-independence society and the limits placed upon its professional advancement. Once united with the elite in the protection of their own interests, the middle class used nostalgia to protect their social position even as they continued to press for modernization. Szok challenges some long-held stereotypes of Panama, particularly that it was invented by the United States and that its development is unique and thus lies outside the trajectory of Latin America.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthor:\u003c\/b\u003e Peter a. Szok\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eISBN-10:\u003c\/b\u003e 0313313598\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eISBN-13:\u003c\/b\u003e 9780313313592\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/b\u003e Praeger\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eLanguage:\u003c\/b\u003e English\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e 06\/30\/2001\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePages:\u003c\/b\u003e 168\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eFormat:\u003c\/b\u003e Hardcover\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeight:\u003c\/b\u003e 0.91lbs\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 9.72h x 6.14w x 0.73d\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eReview Citation(s): \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eReference and Research Bk News\u003c\/i\u003e 11\/01\/2001 pg. 57","brand":"Peter a. Szok","offers":[{"title":"Hardcover","offer_id":43913681928447,"sku":"9780313313592","price":75.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0662\/2982\/9887\/products\/img_fb3fc632-06e1-484a-9ce4-6d1a5571c163.jpg?v=1680621699","url":"https:\/\/www.whiterainbookhouse.com\/products\/la-ltima-gaviota-peter-a-szok-9780313313592","provider":"WR Book House","version":"1.0","type":"link"}