{"product_id":"shaping-and-signaling-presidential-policy-meena-bose-9780890968338","title":"Shaping and Signaling Presidential Policy: The National Security Decision Making of Eisenhower and Kennedy","description":"National security strategies are vitally important in international politics because they integrate a nation's broad foreign political goals with the means to achieve those goals, thus helping to shape specific policies. In \u003ci\u003eShaping and Signaling Presidential Policy: The National Security Decision Making of Eisenhower and Kennedy, \u003c\/i\u003e Meena Bose compares how Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy developed their Cold War strategies, focusing on how each president's decision-making process shaped his policy. The study also compares how the presidents communicated their strategies, with particular attention to possible signals conveyed to the leaders of the Soviet Union. \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eBose analyzes the leadership styles and advisory systems of the two presidents, applying Alexander L. George's concept of \"multiple advocacy,\" which recommends that presidents systematically review a wide range of policy options in a structured setting with their advisers before making a decision. Bose finds that Eisenhower's formal leadership style ensured that he examined alternatives thoroughly with his associates before making policy decisions. Kennedy's informal leadership style increased opportunities for access to the president but also overloaded him with detail. The development of Eisenhower's \"New Look\" national security strategy illustrates the benefits of multiple advocacy, whereas the development of Kennedy's \"Flexible Response\" strategy demonstrates the problems with not employing such a process. At a more general level, the study finds that policy planning efforts early in an administration can be of great help to presidents in preparing their agendas. \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eBose also finds that multiple advocacy has important payoffs for presidential policy communication in helping to ensure that messages do not convey unintended signals. In the area of national security, where misperceptions can heighten tensions and exacerbate conflicts with adversaries, it is particularly important that an administration's rhetoric be consistent with its policies. \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eScholars of the American presidency and American foreign policy will find \u003ci\u003eShaping and Signaling Presidential Policy\u003c\/i\u003e a well-written and carefully documented study of presidential decision making and national security policy.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthor:\u003c\/b\u003e Meena Bose\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eISBN-10:\u003c\/b\u003e 0890968330\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eISBN-13:\u003c\/b\u003e 9780890968338\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/b\u003e Texas A\u0026amp;M University Press\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eLanguage:\u003c\/b\u003e English\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e 10\/01\/1998\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePages:\u003c\/b\u003e 208\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eFormat:\u003c\/b\u003e Hardcover\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeight:\u003c\/b\u003e 1.11lbs\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 9.33h x 6.30w x 0.95d","brand":"Meena Bose","offers":[{"title":"Hardcover","offer_id":48449051525375,"sku":"9780890968338","price":29.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0662\/2982\/9887\/files\/img_6cdb853a-c151-40b4-b83e-d5d8fc211105.jpg?v=1777261741","url":"https:\/\/www.whiterainbookhouse.com\/products\/shaping-and-signaling-presidential-policy-meena-bose-9780890968338","provider":"WR Book House","version":"1.0","type":"link"}