Fundamentals of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: with image reconstruction simulated by MATLAB (Paperback) (ISBN-13: 9781701655348)

Starting from complex free induction decay (FID), this book establishes a logical framework for the discussion of the principles of MRI. Based on the framework, traditional topics and some new topics are described in detail. Every formula is derived step by step at length. Essence of MRI is thoroughly discussed. It is emphasized that Fourier transform (FT) in MRI is a natural result from data acquisition with a linear field gradient. Each concept is explained in detail. Analog digital converter leads to discrete FID. There is a difference between de- and re-phased FID. The summation of de-phased FID leads to FT, while the summation of re-phased FID leads to echo. Echo is also an FT. From FID to MR image is accomplished by a pair of FT. The first FT is established naturally and automatically from FID or echo acquisition. Using Nyquist sampling and quadrature phase sensitive detection (PSD), formula FOV*dk = 2pi is derived. From FOV*dk=2pi, discrete FT is derived by the summation of discrete FID directly, without relying on continuous FT. Thus, discrete FID (for both de- or re-phased FID) leads to discrete FT. The inverse FT leads to image. The image obtained from de-phased FID is short of contrast. Re-phased FID, therefore the echo, must be used. A series of echoes is obtained by phase encoding (raw data in two-dimensional k-space). The k-space is, therefore, a two-dimensional discrete FT (first FT). The reconstructed image is obtained by applying inverse FT (second FT) to the series of discrete echoes (k-space). Continuous FT is used as a heuristic step. It is convenient sometimes. But it is not completely necessary for the discussion of MRI. As the example from FID to MR image, simulated images are obtained for graphical phantoms by using MATLAB. In appendix, MATLAB codes for image reconstruction and for some frequency selective pulses are included. Based on the framework, the topics include basic pulse sequences; pulse train; image contrasts; signal to noise ratio; ringing artifacts; aliasing artifacts; improvement of slice profile of selective pulses (Bloch equation is solved numerically using Runge-Kutta method); fat suppression; magnetization transfer; diffusion; flow image; functional MRI (fMRI for a perceptual alternation is presented), etc. Inside of the framework, emphasized topics include pulsatile ghost artifact for flow that is simulated by MATLAB and explained by interleaved zero-data lines in k-space; experiments show that traditional explanation of flow mis-registration is not correct; the experiment also shows that the profile of laminar flow looks like a long needle, instead of ellipsoid; Stejskal-Tanner formula for b-value can be obtained by a wrong derivation. Thus, the correctness of the formula may be in question; the strength of refocusing gradient for 90d selective pulse is-0.515, instead of commonly used -0.5 (small difference in refocusing strength leads to a large difference in refocusing effects due to non-linearity of Bloch equation); etc. In addition to above topics, Bloch equation with the terms T1, T2, diffusion, flow, etc. is derived by adding independent contributions to dM/dt with the assumption that T2 functions only in x-y plane. It is the hope this book is readable. It is the hope that the journey through the book might be a joy. This book will be of value to beginners. Perhaps it is valuable to a more extensive readership as well."

Author: Jintong Mao
ISBN-10: 1701655349
ISBN-13: 9781701655348
Publisher: Independently Published
Language: English
Published: 10/25/2019
Pages: 404
Format: Paperback
Weight: 2.05lbs
Size: 11.00h x 8.50w x 0.83d